First Jewish–Roman War

66–73 AD Levant Status: ended Casualties: ~1.1 million (Josephus); 97,000 enslaved

Jewish revolt against Roman rule. Titus besieged and destroyed Jerusalem and the Second Temple in 70 AD. The fall of Masada in 73 AD ended the last resistance.

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Belligerents

Roman Empire (Vespasian, Titus)
Judean rebels

Casualties

~1.1 million (Josephus); 97,000 enslaved

Key events

AD 70 — Siege & destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple
AD 73/74 — Fall of Masada
AD 132–136 — Bar Kokhba revolt crushed

Aftermath

Ended the Second Temple period of Judaism; the rabbinic tradition (Mishnah, Talmud) emerged in response. Hadrian renamed Judaea to Syria Palaestina and barred Jews from Jerusalem — the demographic shift defining the Levant for ~2000 years.

Weapons & matériel

Roman siege artillery (ballistae, onagers, scorpions)
Mining/sapping
Gladii, pila
Jewish: improvised + captured Roman arms

Cost

Tribute from Judaea redirected to build the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) — inscription on the Colosseum's stones records Jewish spoils

Sources

Josephus, The Jewish War
Tacitus, Histories

From World at War, an interactive atlas by Jairus Pereira. Figures are approximate, drawn from Wikipedia, UCDP, ACLED and academic sources — a design artefact, not an authoritative register. Contact.